God Is Not One

"Religions have put God's stamp of approval on all sorts of demonic schemes, but religions also possess the power to say no to evil and banality."

Diverse approaches to life. The world's major religions offer distinct diagnoses of the human condition and prescribe different solutions. Each tradition has its own set of beliefs, practices, and exemplars that guide followers toward what they consider a fulfilling life. For instance:

• Islam emphasizes submission to Allah

• Christianity focuses on salvation through Jesus

• Confucianism teaches self-cultivation through ethics

• Hinduism seeks liberation from the cycle of rebirth

• Buddhism aims to end suffering through enlightenment

Impact on society. While religions have been used to justify harmful actions, they have also inspired great works of art, literature, and social reform. Religious beliefs and practices continue to shape cultures, politics, and individual lives around the world. Understanding this diversity is crucial for navigating our increasingly interconnected global society.

"The problem is self-sufficiency, the hubris of acting as if you can get along without God, who alone is self-sufficient."

Submission to Allah. Islam, meaning "submission," teaches that peace and fulfillment come through surrendering oneself to God's will. This surrender is not seen as oppressive, but as aligning oneself with the natural order of the universe. Muslims believe that human beings are inherently good but prone to forgetfulness of their true nature and purpose.

Five Pillars of practice. The core of Islamic practice revolves around five fundamental acts:

1. Shahadah: Declaration of faith

2. Salat: Prayer five times daily

3. Zakat: Giving charity

4. Sawm: Fasting during Ramadan

5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

These pillars provide a framework for Muslims to structure their lives around remembrance of God and service to their community. Through these practices, Muslims aim to cultivate a sense of God-consciousness (taqwa) that permeates all aspects of their lives.

"Christianity is a 'rescue religion,' and this rescue was made possible as Jesus was dying on the cross."

Central belief in salvation. Christianity teaches that humanity is fundamentally flawed due to sin, which separates people from God. The core message of Christianity is that God became human in the person of Jesus Christ to reconcile humanity with God through his life, death, and resurrection. This act of divine love offers salvation to all who put their faith in Jesus.

Diverse expressions. While united by this central belief, Christianity has developed into various denominations and traditions over time:

• Catholicism: Emphasizes tradition, sacraments, and the authority of the Pope

• Protestantism: Focuses on scripture alone and salvation by faith

• Eastern Orthodoxy: Stresses mystical union with God through liturgy and icons

Each branch offers different interpretations and practices, but all center on the figure of Jesus and the concept of grace – God's unmerited favor toward humanity.

"To be fair, Confucians agree on the problem of social chaos and the solution of social harmony, but they divide largely over how to reach this goal."

Ethical foundation. Confucianism, rooted in ancient Chinese wisdom, focuses on cultivating virtue and maintaining social harmony. It emphasizes the importance of proper relationships, filial piety, and continuous self-improvement. Key virtues include:

• Ren: Benevolence, humaneness

• Li: Propriety, etiquette

• Yi: Righteousness

• Xin: Integrity, trustworthiness

Ritual and education. Confucianism places great importance on ritual (li) as a means of cultivating virtue and maintaining social order. Education is seen as crucial for personal and societal development. The goal is to become a junzi (exemplary person) who embodies moral excellence and can positively influence others.

While not typically considered a religion in the Western sense, Confucianism has profoundly shaped East Asian cultures and continues to influence modern interpretations of ethics and governance.

"More than any other great religion, Hinduism is the least dogmatic and the most diverse."

Diverse approaches. Hinduism encompasses a wide range of beliefs, practices, and philosophies. It recognizes multiple paths (margas) to achieve moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth):

• Jnana yoga: Path of knowledge and wisdom

• Bhakti yoga: Path of devotional love to a personal deity

• Karma yoga: Path of selfless action

• Raja yoga: Path of meditation and self-discipline

Key concepts. Despite its diversity, Hinduism shares some fundamental ideas:

• Samsara: The cycle of rebirth

• Karma: The law of cause and effect

• Dharma: Cosmic order and individual duty

• Atman: The eternal self or soul

• Brahman: The ultimate reality or universal soul

Hinduism's flexibility has allowed it to absorb and adapt to various cultural influences throughout its long history, resulting in a rich tapestry of spiritual traditions.

"Buddhism never had a creed or a catechism until the American convert Henry Steel Olcott decided in the late nineteenth century that any self-respecting religion needed both."

Four Noble Truths. Buddhism's core teaching revolves around understanding and overcoming suffering:

1. Life is characterized by suffering (dukkha)

2. Suffering arises from attachment and craving

3. It is possible to end suffering

4. The Eightfold Path leads to the cessation of suffering

Diverse schools. Buddhism has developed into various traditions, each emphasizing different aspects of the Buddha's teachings:

• Theravada: Focuses on individual enlightenment through monastic discipline

• Mahayana: Emphasizes compassion and the bodhisattva ideal of helping all beings

• Vajrayana: Incorporates esoteric practices and tantric techniques

Central to all forms of Buddhism is the concept of mindfulness – cultivating awareness of the present moment without judgment. This practice is seen as key to overcoming the delusions that lead to suffering.

"To be human is to be connected, but all too often we are disconnected from one another, from nature, from the orishas, and from the High God Olodumare."

Spiritual connection. Yoruba religion, originating in West Africa, emphasizes the importance of maintaining connections between the human and divine realms. Practitioners believe that each person has a unique destiny (ori) chosen before birth, which they must discover and fulfill in life.

Key practices. Central to Yoruba religion are:

• Divination: Consulting oracles to gain spiritual guidance

• Sacrifice: Offering to maintain relationships with spiritual entities

• Possession rituals: Allowing orishas (spiritual forces) to communicate through human vessels

The concept of ashe – the power to make things happen – is fundamental to Yoruba spirituality. By aligning oneself with one's destiny and the cosmic order, practitioners aim to harness this sacred power for personal and communal well-being.

"Judaism is both the least and the greatest of the great religions."

Narrative foundation. Judaism is built around the story of the Jewish people's relationship with God, characterized by cycles of exile and return. Key elements include:

• Covenant: God's special relationship with the Jewish people

• Torah: Divine teachings and laws given to guide Jewish life

• Tikkun olam: The obligation to repair and perfect the world

Law and ethics. Jewish practice centers on following halakha (Jewish law), which governs all aspects of life. This includes:

• Observing Shabbat (the Sabbath)

• Keeping kosher dietary laws

• Performing mitzvot (commandments)

Judaism emphasizes ethical monotheism, combining belief in one God with a strong focus on moral behavior and social justice. The tradition values study, debate, and interpretation of sacred texts as a means of understanding God's will and applying it to contemporary life.

"To be human is to be natural. We are least ourselves when those bodies are stuck in the concrete of a city sidewalk. We are most ourselves when walking through the mountains."

Natural harmony. Daoism teaches that the path to fulfillment lies in aligning oneself with the Dao – the fundamental principle of the universe. Key concepts include:

• Wu wei: Effortless action in harmony with nature

• Yin and yang: Complementary forces that create balance

• Qi: Vital energy that flows through all things

Simplicity and spontaneity. Daoism encourages:

• Letting go of societal conventions and expectations

• Cultivating simplicity and naturalness

• Embracing change and going with the flow of life

Daoist practices often involve meditation, qigong exercises, and traditional Chinese medicine. The goal is to achieve longevity, wisdom, and spiritual immortality by living in accordance with nature's rhythms.

"Religion is hazardous to your health and poisonous to society."

Rejection of theism. Atheism is characterized by the absence of belief in deities or supernatural beings. Atheists argue that:

• There is insufficient evidence to support religious claims

• Scientific explanations are more reliable than religious ones

• Morality can exist without religious foundations

Diverse perspectives. Atheism encompasses a range of views:

• Strong atheism: Actively denies the existence of gods

• Weak atheism: Simply lacks belief in gods

• Secular humanism: Promotes ethical living without religious beliefs

While not a religion itself, atheism has become an important voice in conversations about the role of religion in society, often advocating for separation of church and state and promoting scientific literacy.

"To reckon with the world as it is, we need religious literacy."

Global impact. Religion continues to shape cultures, politics, and individual lives worldwide. Understanding religious diversity is essential for:

• Navigating international relations and conflicts

• Promoting interfaith dialogue and cooperation

• Appreciating cultural differences in our increasingly interconnected world

Beyond stereotypes. Religious literacy involves:

• Recognizing the internal diversity within religious traditions

• Understanding the historical and cultural contexts of religious beliefs and practices

• Distinguishing between scholarly analysis of religion and personal faith claims

By developing religious literacy, we can move beyond simplistic stereotypes and engage more meaningfully with the complex realities of our multi-religious world. This knowledge is crucial for fostering mutual understanding and addressing global challenges that require cooperation across religious and cultural boundaries.